The noun
44) The formation of abstract nouns uses the following suffixes :
a) -an (declension according to §78) : henkan- "destiny, epidemic, death" (hink- "to assign"), nahhan "fear" (nah- "to fear") ; maybe also kussan "salary" and sahhan "fief".
b) -ātar (declension according to §83) : idālawātar "nastiness" (idālu- "evil"), palhātar "width" (palhi- "wide"), sullātar "argument" (sullāi- "to argue"), lahhiyātar "expedition" (lahhiya- "to campaign").
c) -essar (declension according to §84) : asessar "hearing" (es- "to sit"), hannessar "lawsuit" (hanna- "to judge"), palhessar "width" (palhi- "wide").
d) -asti (rarely) : palhasti "width" (palhi- "wide"), dalugasti "length" (daluki- "long").
e) -att- (declension according to §76) : kartimmiyatt- "anger" (kartimmiya- "to be angry"), aniyatt- "achievement" (aniya- "to achieve"), nahsaratt- "fear" (nahsariya- "to be afraid"), karuiliyatt- "old age" (karuili- "old").
f) -ima- : tethima- "thunder" (tethāi- "to thunder"), ekunima- "cold" (ekuna- "cold"), weritema- "fear" (werites- "to be afraid").
g) -ul (declension according to §79) : assul "happiness" (assu- "good").
h) -ur (declension according to §80) : aniur "(religious) task" (aniya- "to achieve") ; maybe also kurur "hostile; hostility".
i) -(u)war (non verbal ; declension according to §85) : asawar "enclosure, fence", partawar "wing".
45) The action nouns end in :
a) -āi- (declension according to §69) : lengāi- "oath" (lenk- "to swear"), hurtāi- "curse" (hurta- "to curse"), wastāi- "sin" (wasta- "to sin"), zahhāi- "fight" (zah- "to strike").
b) -ul (declension according to §79) : ishiul "link, contract" (ishiya- "to link"), wastul "sin" (wasta- "to sin").
c) -sha- (of Hurrian origin ?) : dammesha- "damage", unuwasha- "ornament" (unuwāi- "to decorate"), maybe also tesha- "sleep, dream".
d) -ēl (declension according to §79) : hurkēl "disgust" (next to the concrete noun suēl "thread").
e) -zēl : sarnikzēl "indemnity, replacement" (sarnink- "to replace, to pay").
46) The actor nouns are built with :
a) -tara- : wastara- "shepherd" (wesiya- "to graze").
b) -talla- : arsanatalla- "envious" (arsaniya- "to envy"), uskiskatalla- "observer" (uskisk- "to observe"), f, ĜIŠirhuitalla- "basket bearer".
c) -ala- : auriyala- (next to auriyatalla-) "border gard" (auri- "border post"), ispantuzziyala- "wine dealer" (ispantuzzi- "wine barrel"), karimnāla- "temple employee" (Ékarimmi- "temple").
d) The element -sepa can be broadly interpreted as a way to personify abstract notions : daganzipa- "(genie of the) earth", Ispanzasepa- "genie of the night", dKamrusepa "health goddess", dMiyatanzipa- "genie of the growth of plants".
47) The instrument nouns end in :
a) -ul (declension according to §79) : sesarul "sieve" (sesariya- "to sieve").
b) -uzzi : ishuzzi "belt" (ishiya- "to buckle"), lahhurnuzzi (kind of altar), ispantuzzi- "wine barrel".
c) The suffix -alli- can be added in order to build concrete nouns relative to a part of the body : kuttanalli- "necklace" (kuttar "neck"), harsanalli- "crown" (harsan- "head"), issalli- "saliva" (ais/iss- "mouth"), puriyalli- "gag" (from puri- "lip").
48) The suffix -ant- has several uses not yet clarified :
a) It builds substantives such as :
1. Supposedly collectives : utnē- "land" and utnēyant- "land (as a whole)", tuzzi- "army" and tuzziyant- "mass of troops", antuhsatar "humanity" and antuhsannant- (< *antuhsatnant-; §32a1) "population".
2. A particular group about time, especially season names : hamesh(a)- and hameshant- "spring", gim- and gimmant- "winter".
3. In many cases, there is no difference between the base noun and the one modified by -ant- : sankunni- and sankunniyant- "priest", huhha- and huhhant- "grand-father", hilammar and hilamnant- "gate", eshar and eshanant- "blood", uttar and uddanant- "word, speech", kast- and kistant- "hunger".
Inside this group, one can find several words about parts of body : kalulupa- and kalulupant- "finger", tapuwas- and tapuwassant- "rib, side", hastāi- and hastiyant- "bone", sankuwai- and sankuwayant- "finger nail".
b) 1. One can also find adjectives extended by the suffix -ant- and synonymous with the root word : assu- and assuwant- "good", irmala- and irmalant- "ill", suppi- and suppiyant- "pure", dapiya- and dapiyant "all".
2. Some adjectives are maybe built from substantives : perunant- "rocky" from peruna- "rock", kaninant- "thirsty" from kanint- "thirst".
49) Some derived adjectives are built with the following suffixes :
a) -ala- : genzuwala- "friendly" (genzu- "fondness"), tuwala- "faraway" (tuwa adv. "far") ; cf. also §46c.
b) -ili- : karūili- "old" (karū adv. "previously").
c) isolated with -ya- in order to designate the belonging : ispantiya- "nightly" (ispant- "night"), istarniya- "average" (istarn- "center").
d) with -want- with the meaning "that owns, provided with" : samankurwant- "bearded" (zamankur "beard"), kartimmiyawant- "angry" (kartimmiya- "to be angry"), kistuwant- "hungry" (kast- "hunger") ; somehow different : esharwant- "scarlet" (eshar "blood"), apēnissuwant- "such" from apēnissan "thus".
e) -zi- in constructs of comparative type : hantezzi- "ahead, first" (hant- "before"), appezzi- "back" (appa "back, behind"), sarazzi- "superior" (sarā "up").
50) Miscellaneous constructs :
a) The feminine is not differenciated from the masculine in the grammar, but the language has a suffix -sara- (probably inherited, and not borrowed from Proto-Hatti) : isha- "lord" and ishassara- "lady", ÌR "slave" and *GEME2-assara- "slave".
b) Ethnic nouns use the suffix -umna- (-uma- ; §32b1) : URUHattusumna- "man from Hattusa", URUPalāumna "man from Palāu", URULuiumna- "Luwian", LÚ URUHalpūma- "man from Alep", Plur. LÚMEŠ URUNēsumenēs "people of Nesa".
c) -(a)nni- seems to be the diminutive suffix : dLUGAL-manni- (i.e. dSarrumanni-) "young Sarruma", dNinattani- "small (statuette of the goddess) Ninatta", armanni- "small crescent moon" (arma- "moon").
51) The following suffixes of Luwian origin are used for Luwian but also Hittite adjectives :
a) -alli- and -talli- : hirutalli- "relating to an oath" (Luw. hiru(n)t- "oath"), muwatalli- "strong" (Luw. (?) muwa- "strength"), pittiyalli- "fast" (piddāi- "to run").
b) -assi- (-assa-) in names such as dHilassi- ("relating to the court (hila-)"), dWasdulassi- ("relating to sin (wastul)"), dIstamanassa- "god of the ears" (istamana- "ear"), dSakuwassa- "god of the eyes" (sakuwa- "eye").
c) -imi- (actually, suffix of the Luwian past participle) in names such as dSarlaimi- ("the High One"), dAlawaimi-, etc...
52) Occasionally, cases of reduplication occur, e.g. : memal- "groats" (mall- "to grind"), titita- "pupil", duddumi- "deaf", halhaltumari- "boundary stone", harsiharsi- "storm", akuwakuwa- "frog (?)".
53) a) Unlike the other ancient I.E. languages, Hittite has very few compound nouns : dā-yuga "two-year-old" (next to yuga- "yearly, one-year-old"), appa-siwatt- "future" ("after-day"), salla-kartātar "pride (?)". Less certain : huhha-hanna- "grand-father (huhha-) and grand-mother (hanna-)", as well as the bird name pittar-palhi- ("wing-wide").
b) Though not strictly compound nouns, nominal constructs made of a verb and a particle occur : piran huyatalla- "forerunner" (piran "ahead", huya- "to run"), parā handandātar "divine justice", kattakurant- (a "container cut (kuer- "to cut") at the bottom (katta)" = with a flat bottom ?), andayant- (antiyant-) "married son-in-law" (anda iyant-) "got in (the house of the father-in-law)".
54) a) Hittite has two genders : the common gender (comprising the masculine and the feminine genders ; this gender will later split up in I.E. into a masculine and a feminine gender) and the neuter gender (already declining).
b) There are two numbers : the singular and the plural. What remains of the dual is inflected as the plural.
55) a) Hittite has eight cases derived from the I.E. cases : Nominative, Vocative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative-Locative, Allative, Ablative and Instrumental. Vocative is poorly attested, while Old-Hittite Allative was replaced by Dative-Locative in Neo-Hittite.
b) Hittite also uses a special ending for neuter nouns subjects of a transitive verb. This case, called Ergative, transfers the neuter noun to the common gender.
56) Outline of declension :
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nom. comm. | -s | -es, -us, -as |
| Voc. comm. | - (-e) | |
| Acc. comm. | -n | -us |
| N.-Acc. N. | -, -n | -, -a, -i |
| Erg. N. | -anza | -antēs |
| Gen. | -as (never -s!) | -as, Old-H. also -an |
| Dat.-Loc. | -i | -as |
| All. | -a | -as |
| Abl. | -az(a) | -az(a) |
| Instr. | -it | -it |
57) a) The ending of the Nom. Sg. is always pronounced -s. It is written -s for vocalic stems : atta-s "father", zahhāi-s "battle", heu-s "rain". Stems in -t produce a group of consonants -t-s written -z after a vowel : kar-tim-mi-ia-az = *kartimmiyatt-s "anger", and -za after a consonant (while pronounced -z = -t-s ; §25a2) : hu-u-ma-an-za = *hūmant-s "this", ka-a-a-aš-za = *kast-s "hunger".
b) 1. The isolated root is used as Voc. Sg. : isha-mi "my lord", dKumarbi, mAppu.
2. For u-stems, vocative forms in -ue also occur : LUGAL-ue "ô king", dUTU-ue "ô Sun-god".
3. In all cases, the forms of Nom. can be used as Voc.
58) The Gen. Sg. ends in -as, and never, as was once believed, in -s. There is no form of Gen. Sg. UD-az (= UD-at-s) "of the day" ; nekur mehur "evening" is not a genitive form "time of the night" but rather an apposition "night-time". The genitives mNunnus, mTaruhsus in Old-Hittite, as well as the isolated form sankuwais "of the nail" can be explained by §14a2 as *INunnuwas, *ITaruhsuwas, *sankuwayas.
59) a) Old-Hittite had a All. Sg. in -a (< -ai < I.E. *-ōi) and a Loc. Sg. in -i : All. aruna "to the sea", Loc. aruni "in the sea".
b) 1. In Neo-Hittite, Allative was replaced by the Dative-Locative in -i : aruni "to the sea, at the sea".
2. i-stems use for the Dat.-Loc. the ending -(y)a of the old Allative : tuzziya : "to the army, in the army", hulukanniya (next to hulukanni) "in the chariot".
c) The ancient ending -ai (a stage former to -a, §59a) is sometimes found : mLabarnai "at Labarna", hassannai "to the family" (from hassatar).
d) 1. In some cases, consonant stems use a Dat.-Loc. without ending : É-ir "in the house", UD-at "in the day", ŠÀ-ir "in the heart", dagan "on the ground", nepis "in heaven", kessar-ta "in your (sg.) hand".
2. The isolated form of Dat.-Loc. Sg. sarku "to the hero" can be explained as a Dat.-Loc. without ending, or according to §17a.
60) The Ablative Sg. sometimes ends in -anza rather than -az (cf. §31b) : luttanza "from the window", nepisanza "from the sky", hassannanza "out of the family (hassatar)".
61) The Instrumental Sg. also ends in -ta : kissarit "with the hand", istamanta "with the ear" ; cf. also wedanda and wetenit "with water".
62) a) In Old-Hittite, the Gen. Pl. in -an (< I.E. *-ōm) was distinct from the Dat.-Loc. Pl. in -as : Gen. Pl. siunan "of the gods", Dat.-Loc. Pl. siunas "with the gods", ÌRMEŠ-amman "of my slaves" (according to §36a1 < ÌRMEŠ-an-man).
b) In Neo-Hittite, the ending -as of the Dat.-Loc. Pl. has been applied to the Gen. Pl. : Gen. Pl. siunas "of the gods" and Dat.-Loc. siunas "with the gods". The old genitive in -an is only found in formal speech.
c) The endings -as of the Gen. Sg. and the Gen. Pl. being the same in Neo-Hittite, the old ending -an is sometimes used for the Gen. Sg. : LUGAL-an "of the king", mLabarnan "of Labarna".
63) The Nominative and the Accusative Pl. tend to be used one for the other :
a) The Nom. Pl. is used as Accusative : pargawēs "the great ones", huprushēs "the elders", dalugaēs "the long ones".
b) The Acc. Pl. is used as Nominative : parhandus "the stressed ones".
63b) Many nouns in Neo-Hittite exhibit an alternation between a-stems and i-stems. Some a-stems borrow forms from the i-stems (especially the Nom. and Acc. Common Sg. and Pl.), and conversely some i-stems borrow forms from the a-stems (especially the cases complementary to the previous alternation : all the Neuter cases and the oblique Common cases ; cf. e.g. §67b). This is caused by the influence of Luwian.
Thèmes vocaliques
Vocalic stems
64) a (and ā)-stems
a) Substantives
Common
Singular
| Nom. | antuhsas | annas | arunas | kesseras | ishās |
| Acc. | antuhsan | arunan | kisseran | ||
| Voc. | isha | ||||
| Gen. | antuhsas | annas | arunas | kissaras | |
| Dat.-Loc. | antuhsi | anni | aruni | kissiri | ishī (eshe) |
| All. | aruna | isha | |||
| Abl. | antuhsaz | annaz | arunaz(a) | kissaraz(a) | |
| Instr. | kisserit |
Plural
| Nom. | antuhses (antuhsus) | annis | ishēs | ||
| Acc. | antuhsus | annus | arunus | kisserus | |
| Gen. | antuhsas | ||||
| Dat.-Loc. | antuhsas | ishās | |||
| Instr. | ŠUHI.A-it |
Neuter
| Singular | Plural | |
| N.-A. | pedan | |
| Gen. | pedas | |
| Dat.-Loc. | pedi (pidi) | pedas |
| Abl. | pedaz (petaz) |
65) a-stems
b) Adjectives
They are inflected exactly like the substantive. No rule has been found for the alternation between the endings -an and -a in Nom.-Acc. Sg. Neuter.
Singular
| Nom. comm. | arahzenas | kunnas | |
| Acc. comm. | dannattan | arahzinan | ZAG-an |
| N.-A. n. | dannattan (dannatta) | kunnan (ZAG-an, ZAG-na) | |
| Gen. | arahzenas | ZAG-nas | |
| Dat.-Loc. | dannatti | arahzeni | kunni (ZAG-ni) |
| All. | arahzena | ||
| Abl. | arahzenaza | kunnaz (ZAG-(n)az(a)) | |
| Instr. | ZAG-(n)it |
Plural
| Nom. comm. | arahzenes (arahzenas) | ZAG-nis | |
| Acc. comm. | arahzenus (arahzenas) | ZAG-nus | |
| N.-A. n. | dannatta | arahzena | kunna |
| Gen. | arahzenan | ||
| Dat.-Loc. | tannattas |
66) i-stems
a) Substantives
Common
Singular
| Nom. | halkis | tuzzis (tuzziyas) | ĜIŠhulukannis | |
| Acc. | halkin | tuzzin | ĜIŠhulukannin | |
| Gen. | halkiyas | tuzzias | ĜIŠhulugannas | |
| D.-L. | tuzziya | ĜIŠhuluganni(ya) | halhaltumari (halhaldummariya) | |
| Abl. | halkiyaza | tuzziyaz | ĜIŠhuluganniyaz (ĜIŠhulugannaza) | |
| Instr. | halkit | ĜIŠhulukannit |
Plural
| Nom. | halkis | halhaltumarēs | ||
| Acc. | halkius (halkēs; §63a) | tuzzius (tuzziyas) | ||
| Gen. | halhaltummariyas | |||
| D.-L. | halhaltumariyas | |||
| Abl. | halhaltumaraza |
Neuter
Singular
| N.-A. | NA4huwasi | DUGispantuzzi |
| Gen. | NA4huwasiyas | DUGispantuzziyas |
| D.-L. | NA4huwasi(ya) | DUGispantuzzi (DUGispantuzziya) |
| Abl. | NA4huwasiyaz | DUGispantuzziaz |
| Instr. | DUGispantuzzit |
Plural
| N.-A. | NA4huwāsi HI.A |
67) a) The Nom. Sg. tuzziyas is an analogical construct on the ya-stem.
b) The Gen. Sg. ĜIŠhulugannas, the Abl. Sg. ĜIŠhulugannaza and the Abl. Pl. halhaltumaraza are analogical constructs on the a-stem.
c) For the Dat.-Loc. Sg. tuzziya, NA4huwasiya, etc..., cf §59b2.
68) Substantives in ai-
a) They are inflected with ablaut (§18) : lengais "oath", Acc. Sg. lengain, but Gen. Sg. linkiyas, etc...
b) One sometimes finds analogical constructs such as Gen. Sg. lengayas built from the Nom. and the Acc. Sg., or conversely the Acc. Sg. zahhin built from the Gen. Sg.
Common
Singular
| Nom. | zahhais | ||
| Acc. | zahhain (zahhin) | lingain | zashain |
| Gen. | zahhias | linkiyas (lingayas) | |
| D.-L. | zahhiya | linkiya (lingai) | zashiya |
| Abl. | zahhiyaz(a) | linkiyaz(a) | zashiyaz |
| Instr. | zashit |
Plural
| Nom. | lingais | ||
| Acc. | lingaus | zashimus (§29b) |
Neuter
| N.-A. | hastai |
| Gen. | hastiyas |
| D.-L. | hastai |
| Instr. | hastit |
70) i-stems
b) Adjectives
a) The declension of the adjectival stems in -i and -u differ from the substantive by the apparition of an a before the thematic vowel in all cases except the Nom., the Acc. and the Instr Sg.
b) The occasional forms without this a are analogical constructs on the substantive, especially for karūili- "old".
71) a) salli- "big", suppi- "pure", mekki- "much", karūili- "old".
Singular
| Nom. comm. | sallis | suppis | mekkis | karūilis |
| Acc. comm. | sallin | karūilin | ||
| N.-A. n. | salli | suppi | mekki | karūili |
| Voc. | GAL-li | |||
| Gen. | sallaiyas (sallas) | suppayas | karūilias | |
| D.-L. | sallai | suppai (suppaya, suppi, suppa) | ||
| Abl. | sallayaz | suppayaz(a) (suppaz(a)) | meqqayaz | karūilēs (karūiliyas) |
| Instr. | suppit |
Plural
| Nom. comm. | sallaēs | suppaēs (suppis) | meggaēs (mekkēs) | karūilēs (karūiliyas) |
| Acc. comm. | sallaus (sallius) | suppaus | meggaus (mekkus) | |
| N.-A. n. | salla | suppa | meggaya | karūila |
| Gen. | meqqayas | |||
| D.-L. | sallayas | suppayas (suppiyas) | karūiliyas | |
| Abl. | suppayaza |
b) Forms without an i like the Gen. Sg. sallas, the Abl. Sg. suppaz(a), N.-A. Pl. n. salla, suppa are explained by §15a.
72) The root utne (KUR-e) n. "land" is close to the i-stems with the following declension :
| Singular | Plural | |
| N.-A. | utne (utni) | utne |
| Gen. | utneyas (utniyas) | |
| D.-L. | utnī (utniya) | KUR-eas |
| Abl. | utneaz |
73) u-stems
a) Substantives
Common
Singular
| Nom. | harnaus | wellus | heus | LUGAL-us |
| Acc. | harnaun | wellun | heun | LUGAL-un |
| Voc. | LUGAL-ue | |||
| Gen. | harnawas | hewas (heyawas) | LUGAL-was (LUGAL-an, §62c) | |
| D.-L. | harnawi | welli | LUGAL-i | |
| Abl. | welluwaz | LUGAL-waz | ||
| Instr. | heawit |
Plural
| Nom. | hewēs (heyawēs) | |||
| Acc. | heus (heamus, §29b) | |||
| D.-L. | welluwas |
Neuter
| Singular | Plural | |
| N.-A. | genu | genuwa |
| Gen. | genuwas | genuwas |
| All. | genuwa | genuwas |
| Abl. | ginuwaz |
b) The forms of heu- "rain" with -(y)a- before the thematic vowel (Gen. Sg. heyawas, Instr. Sg. heawit, Nom. Pl. heyawēs, Acc. Pl. heamus) are built by analogy with the adjective.
c) The noun siu- "god" has a complex inflection :
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nom. | DINGIR-uš (*sius), siunis | siwannies |
| Acc. | siunin | simus |
| Gen. | siunas | siunan, siunas |
| D.-L. | siuni | |
| Instr. | siunit |
74) u-stems
b) Adjectives
a) Like adjectival i-stems, one finds a vowel a before the thematic vowel.
b) Occasionally, this a is caused by analogy with the substantive. For assu- "good", this analogy is clear because the neuter assu has been substantivized with the meaning "good, property".
75) assu- "good", parku- "high", idālu- "nasty".
Singular
| Nom. comm. | assus | parkus | idālus |
| Acc. comm. | assun | parkun | idālun |
| N.-A. n. | assu | parku | idālu |
| Gen. | assawas | parkuwas | HUL-uwas |
| D.-L. | assawi | pargawe | idālawi |
| Abl. | assawaza | pargawaz | idālawaz (idālaz!) |
| Instr. | assawet | HUL-it |
Plural
| Nom. comm. | assawēs | pargawēs (pargaus; §63b) | idālawēs |
| Acc. comm. | assamus (§29b) | pargamus (§29b) (pargaus) | idālamus (§29b) |
| N.-A. n. | assawa | pargawa | idālawa |
| Gen. | idālawas | ||
| D.-L. | pargawas | idālawas | |
| Abl. | idālawaza | ||
| Instr. | assawet |
Consonant stems
76) tt (t)-stems
Singular
| Nom. comm. | kartimmiyaz (§25a2 27a) | aniyaz (§25a2 27a) | UD-az |
| Acc. comm. | kartimmiyattan | aniyattan | UD-an (UD.KAM-an) |
| N.-A. n. | UD-at | ||
| Gen. | aniyattas | UD-as | |
| D.-L. | TUG.TUG-atti | aniyatti | siwatti (siwat; §59d) |
| Abl. | UD.KAM-az |
| Nom. comm. | kar(a)iz (girez) | kasza (§25a2) | MU.KAM-za |
| Acc. comm. | kastan | MU-an | |
| Gen. | MU.KAM-as | ||
| D.-L. | karaitti | kasti | witti |
| Abl. | MU.KAM-az | ||
| Instr. | kastita |
Plural
| Nom. comm. | UD.KAMHI.A-us | ||
| Acc. comm. | kartimmiyaddus | UDHI.A-us | |
| N.-A. n. | aniyatta | ||
| D.-L. | aniyattas | UD.(KAM)HI.A-as |
| Nom. comm. | garittēs (karittiyas) | MUHI.A-us | |
| Acc. comm. | MUHI.A-us | ||
| N.-A. n. | wittan (§62a) (MUHI.A-as) | ||
| D.-L. | MU.KAMHI.A-as |
77) nt-stems
Singular
| Nom. comm. | GE6(.KAM)-anza | humanza (§25a2) | appanza | huiswanza |
| Acc. comm. | ispandan | humandan | appantan | huiswandan |
| N.-A. n. | human | |||
| Gen. | GE6-andas | humandas | TI-antas | |
| D.-L. | ispanti | humanti | huiswanti | |
| Abl. | ispandaz | humandaz |
Plural
| Nom. comm. | humantes (humandus; §63b) | appantes | huiswantes | |
| Acc. comm. | humandus (humantes; §63a) | huiswandus | ||
| N.-A. n. | humanda | appanti | ||
| Gen. | humandas | |||
| D.-L. | humandas |
78) n-stems
Singular
| Nom. comm. | MUNUS-za | |||
| Acc. comm. | MUNUS-nan | |||
| N.-A. n. | sahhan | laman | tekan | |
| Gen. | sahhanas | tagnas | MUNUS-nas | |
| D.-L. | sahhani | lamni | tagni | MUNUS-ni |
| All. | tagnā | |||
| Abl. | sahhanaz(a) | tagnaz(a) (tagnāz) | ||
| Instr. | sahhanit | lamnit |
Plural
| Nom. comm. | MUNUSMEŠ-us | |||
| D.-L. | lamnas | MUNUSMEŠ-as |
79) l-stems
Singular
| Nom. c. | taksul | ||||
| N.-A. n. | wastul | ishiul | taksul | tawal | suppal |
| Gen. | wasdulas | ishiul(l)as | taksulas | tawalas | |
| D.-L. | wasduli | taksuli | tawali | supli (§26) | |
| Abl. | ishiullaza | ||||
| Instr. | wasdulit | tawal(l)it |
Plural
| N.-A. n. | wastul(HI.A) | ishiuli HI.A | taksul | suppala | |
| Gen. | suppalan (§62a) |
80) r-stems
a) without ablaut
Singular
| Nom. comm. | DUGhupparas | sakuwassaras | kurur |
| Acc. comm. | sakuwassaran | ||
| N.-A. n. | huppar | sakuwassar | kurur |
| Gen. | hupparas | sakuwassaras | kururas |
| D.-L. | huppari | sakuwassari | kururi |
| Abl. | hupparaza | sakuwassaraza | |
| Instr. | (ĜIŠ)hupparit | sakuwassarit |
Plural
| Nom. comm. | sakuwassarus | kurur | |
| Acc. comm. | sakuwassarus | ||
| N.-A. n. | DUGhuppāri HI.A | kurur (kururi HI.A) | |
| Gen. | kururas |
b) The neuter kessar- "hand" is inflected in Old-Hittite with ablaut (like Greek πατήρ, πατρ-ός) :
| Singular | Plural | |
| N.-A. | kessar | |
| D.-L. | kisri (kessar; §59d) | kisras |
| All. | kisrā | kisras |
| Instr. | ki-iš-šar-at |
In Neo-Hittite, this word is of common gender and is inflected like an a-stem : Sg. Nom. kessaras, Acc. kisseran, etc... (§64).
81) r/n-stems
This group corresponds to the I.E. heteroclitic inflection that left some traces in the other I.E. languages (Old-Indian ūdhar, ūdhnas "udder", Lat. femur, feminis "thigh"). It is however well alive and productive in Hittite. All stems are neuter. For more clarity, these stems have been grouped into miscellaneous sub-groups :
82) a) Particular substantives, partly with and partly without ablaut
uttar "word, speech ", eshar "blood", lammar "hour", watar "water", pahhuar (pahhur) "fire", mehur "time".
Singular
| N.-A. | uttar | eshar (essar; §28b) | lammar |
| Gen. | uddanas | eshanas (esnas; §28b) | |
| D.-L. | uddani | eshani | lamni |
| Abl. | uddanaz(a) (uddananza; §60) | eshanaz(a) (esnaza; §28b) | |
| Instr. | uddanit (uddanta; §61) | eshanta (§61) |
| N.-A. | watar | pahhuwar (pahhur; §17a) | mehur |
| Erg. | pahhuenanza | ||
| Gen. | witenas | pahhuenas | mehunas |
| D.-L. | weteni | pahhueni (pahhuni; §16) | mehueni (mehuni; §16) |
| All. | wetena | ||
| Abl. | wetenaz(a) | pahhuenaz (pahhunaz(a)) | |
| Instr. | wetenit (wedanda; §61) | pahhuenit |
Plural
| N.-A. | uddār | widār | |
| Gen. | uddanas | AHI.A-as | |
| D.-L. | uddanas | mehunas |
83) b) Abstracts in -ātar and -tar
paprātar "dirtiness", lahhiyatar "countryside", zankilatar "sorrow"; huitar "faun" (partly with ablaut ; -tn- does not transform into -nn-).
Singular
| N.-A. | paprātar | zankilatar | huitar | |
| Gen. | paprannas | huitnas (§32a2) | ||
| D.-L. | papranni | lahhiyanni | zankilanni | |
| Abl. | paprannaz(a) | |||
| Instr. | huitnit |
Plural
| N.-A. | lahhiyatar | zankilatar HI.A (zankilatarri HI.A) |
84) c) Abstracts in -essar
hannessar "business", uppessar "sending" (with ablaut)
Singular |
Plural |
||
| N.-A. | hannessar | uppessar | uppessar HI.A |
| Erg. | uppesnantēs | ||
| Gen. | hannesnas (hannissanas; §10, 26) | ||
| D.-L. | hannesni (hannassani; §11, 26) | uppesni | |
| Abl. | hannesnaz (hannisnanza; §10, 60) | ||
| Instr. | hannesnit | ||
85) d) Words in -war
All with ablaut ; till now, only in the singular : asawar "enclosure, fence ", partawar "handle".
| Nom.-Acc. | asawar | partawar |
| Gen. | partaunas | |
| D.-L. | asauni | |
| Abl. | asaunaz | partaunaz |
| Instr. | partaunit |
This group is close to the inflection of the verbal substantive in -war, without being strictly identical.
86) e) Words in -mar
hilammar "gate". Here too, only in the singular.
| Nom.-Acc. | Éhilammar |
| Gen. | (É)hilamnas (hilannas? ; §32b2) |
| D.-L. | (É)hilamni |
| All. | hilamna |
| Abl. | (É)hilamnaz |
This group is close to the inflection of the verbal substantive in -mar, without being strictly identical.
87) Miscellaneous consonant stems
Always neuter and attested only in the singular.
| N.-A. | nepis | ais | isqaruh (iskarih) |
| Gen. | nepisas | issas | |
| D.-L. | nepisi (nepis; §59d1) | issi (aissi) | isqaruhi |
| All. | nepisa | ||
| Abl. | nepisaz(a) (nepisanza; §60) | issaz | |
| Instr. | issit | isgaruhit |
88) Blend of n-stems and vocalic stems
a) Some substantives are inflected partly as a-stems and partly as n-stems. Thus for example memiya(n)- "word, speech", arkamma(n)- "tribute", hara(n)- "eagle", alkista(n)- "branch (?)", muri(yan)- "grape fruit" (all of common gender).
Singular
| Nom. | memiyas | arkammas | haras MUŠEN | (ĜIŠ)alkistas | mures |
| Acc. | memiyan | arkamman | haran (hāranan) | alkistanan | |
| Gen. | memiyanas | arkammanas | haranas | ||
| D.-L. | memiyani (memini; §14a1) | ||||
| Abl. | memiyanaz (meminaza; §14a1) | ||||
| Instr. | meminit (§14a1) | murinit |
Plural
| Nom. | hāranis MUŠEN | ||||
| Acc. | memiyanus (memiyanes; §63a; memiyas) | arkammus (argamanus) | ĜIŠalkistanus | muriyanus (murius) |
b) The very variable inflection of kutru(wan)- comm. "witness" can be interpreted in the same way :
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nom. | kutruwas | kutruēs (kutruwas, kutrus; §17a; kutruwanes, kutruenes; §17b) |
| D.-L. | kutrui | kutruas |
89) Irregular inflection
a) The two neuter roots kard- "heart" (ideogr. ŠÀ) and parn- "house" (ideogr. É) have their N.-A. Sg built by lengthening the vowel of the roots *kēr and *pēr :
| Singular | Plural | |||
| N.-A. | ŠÀ-ir | pir | kir | É-ir |
| Gen. | kardiyas (stem in -i) | parnas | ||
| D.-L. | kardi | parni (É-i; §59d1) | parnas | |
| All. | karta | parna | ||
| Abl. | kartaz | parnaza | ||
| Instr. | kardit | |||
b) The unusual inflection of the expression hassa hanzassa "grand-son and grand-grand-son (?)" is not well understood :
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nom. | hassa hanzassa | hasses hanzasses |
| Acc. | hassa hanzassa | hassus hanzassus |
| D.-L. | hassi hanzassi | hassas-sas hanzassas-sas |
| Instr. | hassit hanzassit |
93) Hittite does not form the adjective comparative by means of a suffix as it is the case in other I.E. languages. Comparison is expressed by the only adjective, and it can be detected only thanks to the context.
94) a) However, one can recognize a suffix -zi- in hantezzi- "first", appezzi- "last", sarazzi- "superior" and sanezzi- "sweet".
b) kattera- "inferior" is constructed differently, but with a similar function.
95) kattera- is inflected as an a-stem, the others as substantives in -i with some variations like ya-stems :
Singular
| Nom. comm. | hantezzis (hantezziyas) | appizzis (appizziyas) | sarazzis | sanezzis | katterras |
| Acc. comm. | hantezzin (hantezziyan) | appizzin (appizziyan) | sarazziyan | sanezzin | katteran |
| N.-A. n. | hantezzi | appizzi | sarazzi | sanezzi | kattera |
| Gen. | hantezziyas | ||||
| D.-L. | hantezzi | appizziya | sarazzi | katteri | |
| Abl. | hantezziyaz | appizziyaz | sarazziyaz | sanizziyaz | |
| Instr. | sanizzit |
Plural
| Nom. comm. | hantezzēs (hantezzius, hantezziyas) | appizzēs | UGU-azzis (UGU-azzius) | katterēs (katterrus) | |
| Acc. comm. | sanizzius | ||||
| D.-L. | hantezziyas |